Social spending is a core component of the social contract needed to fulfill the missions of core country institutions. Social spending is a broader concept than social protection as it includes spending on health and education, which are especially critical...
Voter turnout as a percentage of the voting-age population in the Western Balkans (WB6) was 54% in the last ten years election[1]. In last ten years, though turnout was lower compared to other recent Albanian elections, it...
The issue of how democracy and electoral process affects economic growth has received a great deal of interest in researchers of economix and political economy in Europe and around. We have approached this issue by examining the effect of political elections...
Oil government take, which derives from effects of PSAs could create incentives to “corruption” at various stages of the oil value chain including exploration, development, and production and trading. If left unaddressed, these vulnerabilities could result in the misappropriation...
The tax share to GDP from oil and gas extractive industry account in a variable percentage from 1.4% to 1.5%. The payments of taxes and social contributions to govern budget revenues account in an average of 7.7% of tax and customs...
Albania is rated as one of Europe’s richest countries in onshore hydrocarbon reserves, relatively up to 220mn barrels and 5.7bn cubic meters of natural gas. According to Albanian Energy Association (AEA), Albania is estimated to have reserves up to...
